Effectiveness in Tendering Process - 4083 Words

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION * Background Of The Study Tendering is a procurement Procedure whereby potential suppliers are invited to make a firm and unequivocal offer on the price and terms on which they will supply specified goods and/or services, which on acceptance shall be the basis of a subsequent contract. (Lysons and Farrington, 2006). Tendering is based on the principles of competition, fairness and accessibility, transparency, openness and probity. Generally, Public entities the world over are subjected to open tendering by law so as to prevent fraud, waste corruption or local protectionism. (Global trade negotiations, 18th December 2006). The law guiding Kenyan public entities choice of procurement procedures is the Public†¦show more content†¦1.2 Purpose Of The Study The purpose of the study, in relation to the above and other problems (Refer to sec 1.1), brought about by the price clause during evaluation of tenders was to come up with alternative ways of evaluating tenders and in the choice of public procurement procedures so as to take into account the interest of all stakeholders’, to enable better strategic procurement management, supplier motivation, local protectionism, among other public procurement objectives. 1.3 Objectives of the study 1.4.1 General Objective The general objective of the study is to determine whether price should be used as the evaluation tool during tendering in public entities. 1.4.2 Specific Research Objectives a) To find out why open tendering is the choice of procurement procedure for public entities. b) To determine the justifications for using the lowest evaluated price as the most important tool in evaluation of tenders. c) To find out the limitations of using the lowest evaluated price as the most important tool during the evaluation of tenders. d) To make Specific recommendations on alternative choice of evaluating tenders in public entity procurement. 1.4 Research Questions This research was guided by theShow MoreRelatedEFFECTIVENESS OF OPEN COMPETITIVE TENDERING AS A PROCUREMENT METHOD IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR4653 Words   |  19 PagesINSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANCY ARUSHA [IAA] RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON EFFECTIVENESS OF OPEN COMPETITIVE TENDERING AS A PROCUREMENT METHOD IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR. CASE STUDY OF MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT HEAD OFFICE- DAR-ES-SALAAM PREPARED BY: ROGERS KALINEZA SUPERVISOR: KIMARO, E POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN PROCUREMENT AND LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT (PGDPLM) 2011/2012 A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANCY ARUSHA AS PARTIAL FULFULMENT OF AN AWARD OF POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMARead MoreThe Implementation Of Refurbishing Buildings1856 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The process of refurbishing buildings can be a lengthy and complex procedure. The outline of tasks and stages that have to be completed during project and when the building will be in use is presented below. This is a simple diagram of RIBA Plan of Work 2013 – bespoke planning tool used in the industry – full version is available in the Appendix 1. (RIBA, 2013a. p.16) Before we proceed with refurbishment planning I will have to carry out necessary surveys. Measurement – to assessRead More1.6:Challenges Of Procurement Practices . Soriede (2002)1609 Words   |  7 Pagesconducted to assess the authenticity of the demand. The pre-bidding stage all ought to be monitored to ensure that miscreants did not have their way with the process. Opening of bid document also demand ME exercises to ensure that nepotism and its concomitant of favoritism do not disrupt the fairness of the exercise. The contract award process, the initial mobilization by the contractor all requires monitoring. Project implementation should be monitored and evaluated to ensure that target levels areRead MorePakistan Procurement Of Ict Goods And Services Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagessuppliers, it is in power to control and dominate over the growth of the ICT industry around Australia. In the past decade, the NSW Government has made changes to the ICT procurement policy to p rovide a more predictable and simplified procurement process. The ICT Strategic Plan In 2007, the strategic plan named â€Å"People’s First- A new direction of ICT in NSW† was developed by the Government Chief Information Office and NSW Government CIO Executive Council. The Plan included the Government’s prioritiesRead MoreThe Procurement Of Ict Goods And Services Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pagessuppliers, it is in power to control and dominate over the growth of the ICT industry around Australia. In the past decade, the NSW Government has made changes to the ICT procurement policy to provide a more predictable and simplified procurement process. The ICT Strategic Plan In 2007, the strategic plan named â€Å"People’s First- A new direction of ICT in NSW† was developed by the Government Chief Information Office and NSW Government CIO Executive Council. The Plan included the Government’s prioritiesRead MoreThe Quality Factor Of E Procurement Implementation Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesChain of Hotel. This paper lead to identify role of procurement, converted into advance technology to enhance productivity and effectiveness of business. This examination adopted by descriptive approach consequently, gathered information from 112 employees of procurement division. In the resultant discovered positive relationship between procurement activities and E-tendering, which is fundamental driver to enhance performance at Sarova Chain of Hotel? Recommended that Sarova hotel should take initiativeRead MoreWhy Is It Important? How They Can Become More Effective Going Forward?973 Words   |  4 Pagesqualifications – more failures ma kes this more likely to be brought in.† Clearly, from the auditor’s point of view, increasing regulation is not the way forward. This approach has always been taken in the past, and whilst it has helped improve the effectiveness of ACs, it is not the best method. Regulators need to consider other ways they can help; the implementation of a best practice guide to help engrain processes within a business could be more effective than regulation. Besides regulation, improvingRead MoreCommercial Analysis Forecasting Management Project Accounting Management1511 Words   |  7 Pagesbases globally and managing activities in some of the world’s largest ports. The Australasian operations were established in 2009 and services major clients such as Shell BP, with 148+ staff. †¢ Support the CFO in identifying and leading cost and process improvement strategies, whilst taking on further responsibility for monthly and financial reporting as part of the ASCO Australasia Management Report. †¢ Partner with the operational team in cost management, decision support, PL and budget objectivesRead MoreA Brief Note On The Construction Of New Homes Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pagesfit for purpose †¢ Were remedial issues dealt with the minimum of disruption These quality based measures were useful in measuring supplier performance and capability thus giving a credible means in the selection process of suppliers to use. JHHB however, neglected to measure the effectiveness in improvements due partly, to the small size of the business which had moved its focus and resource towards increasing sales rather than further development resource. The challenge faced when working with aRead MoreBusiness Activities And Trade Considerations2042 Words   |  9 Pagesdisadvantage is that suppliers/ have to be reliable otherwise components may not be delivered in time for production, this creates waste as time and money is lost on production as employees further along the production line have to wait for the other process to be completed As a large company Rolls Royce are able to contract out certain work. Companies can bid for formal tenders which then Rolls Royce can evaluate on price and quality. Rolls Royce for example established a firm infrastructure to improve

Future of the Juvenile Justice System - 1280 Words

Future of the Juvenile Justice System The future of the juvenile justice system is uncertain. There is a struggle to try a find a way to serve the needs of the juvenile delinquents and issue them a punishment for violating the law. In order to improve the direction of the juvenile justice system, recommendations are needed regarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offers solutions for the future. A justification of the system is also offered based on the histories, trends and causation theories. Community Involvement Community involvement is an important aspect of the juvenile justice system. Police form†¦show more content†¦523). Justification and Funding for the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system was founded on the belief that children are different from adults; therefore, the justice system and corrections sanctions for juveniles should acknowledge the differences. â€Å"Rising juvenile crime rates during the 1970s and 1980s spurred state legislatures across the country to exclude or transfer a significant share of offenders under the age of eighteen to the jurisdiction of the criminal court† (Fagan, 2008). The acknowledgement of these differences should be the bases for a proper juvenile justice system. The examination of the juvenile justice’s systems history, trends, and causation theories will provide an insight into the future of the juvenile justice system. History The juvenile justice system is a system that evolves with society focusing on the welfare of the child, and the protection to the community. The history of the modern juvenile justice system began with the English common law. The common law specified an age limit on when a child could begin to be held accountable for criminal acts, which placed the age limit at seven (Champion, 2010). Although an age limit was placed on offenders, during the 1700s criminal offenders were treated in the same manner, which could include banishment, whippings, and other corporal punishments for offenders over theShow MoreRelatedFuture of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal2603 Words   |  11 PagesFuture of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal Gina Tompkins, Marcus Hall, Terri Washington, Victor Jones CJA 374 November 24, 2013 Bruce Clingan Future of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal The juvenile justice system is designed to correct and change the behavior of juvenile offenders. Change in behavior is an indication the system is working. If there is no change, the system is deemed ineffective and a team of juvenile justice consultants are called in to make corrections. 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From adolescents and adults being charged with the same brutality, to the introduction of rehabilitation and diversion programs. As time went on and new political policies were brought forward in the courts, the crime rates fluctuated until the late 1900s and withRead MoreThe Youth Through Prevention And Detection, Rehabilitation, And Establishing A Future For Juvenile Justice System Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Juveniles navigate through a corrections system that is constantly changing. This research paper is dedicated to those that work with the youth through prevention and detection, rehabilitation, and establishing a future for juvenile justice. I will be focusing on what causes youth to become involved in the juvenile justice system, how we can help them get back on track and how to keep them moving forward in the right direction. 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Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Free Essays

Thermal radiation also known as infrared which is a form of light that can not be seen, we can only see visible light. Infrared gives us information that we would not be able to get from visible light. Because all object gives off some type of heat, yes, all objects even if the of cold or frozen. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cold or frozen objects only gives off a very small amount of heat, but this heat can be detected by infrared. We can you use infrared to gather information about the heat and temperature an object has. Anything that has a temperature whether it is cold or hot will give off will give off infrared light or heat. When looking at these objects the hotter they are the brighter they are. The less bright they appear they cooler the object is. For example if you used infrared to look at a cold or frozen object you would notice the object does not appear bright at all, but the further away from that object you move it will start to get brighter because the area is warmer than the object. The opposite is true for a hotter object the further you move from the heat the less bright the area appears. It was discovered in an 1800 experiment by William Herschel, the same astronomer that discovered Uranus. He used a cut-glass object to separate the sunlight into a spectrum of colors. While taking the temperature of the visual colors, he noticed when he placed the thermometer bulb just beyond the red colors the temperature would raise, this was the birth of thermal radiation. There are types of radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum, a lot of which we can not see. The little portion that we can see is called light. This spectrum is identified by either short or long wavelength, infrared is non-ionizing radiation found in the long wavelength between microwaves and visible light. Infrared radiation (IR) has wavelengths ranging from 780 nm to 1 mm. Following the classification by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), this band is subdivided into IRA (from 780 nm to 1. 4 ?m), IRB (from 1. 4 ?m to 3 ?m) and IRC (from 3 ?m to 1 mm). This subdivision approximately follows the wavelength-dependent absorption characteristics of IR in tissue and the resulting different biologica l effects (Matthes Stellman, 2011). † Infrared is being used by the government, private industry, and some research activities. The fire department uses infrared or thermal imaging to see through smoke during fires to help find personnel that may injured or trapped in the fire and find hot spots after a fire has been put out. The military uses it to help support in night surveillance and missions. The police department uses it for ground and aerial search, for example a thief hiding or running from the police at night The workplace is host to a variety of IR hazards, including both short-and long-term exposures that represent real health risks. Examples of operations that produce infrared radiation include welding, cutting, brazing, furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, glassblowing, lasers and high-intensity light sources (Sankpill, 2009)†. Working in the sun can cause sunburn from the rays of the sun. Infrared exposure has been know to cause cataracts. Two occupations that are most know for this is glass-blowers and furnace operators. Infrared exposure can also cause a loss of site. When it absorb in the eye, the area of the retina is damaged which cause you to loss site in that area. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guideline for IR-A exposure of the anterior of the eye is a time-weighted total irradiance of 100watts per square meter for exposure durations exceeding 1,000 seconds (ACGIH 1992 and 1995) (Sankpill, 2009)†. All employees should try and engineer these hazards out or find a way to protect the employees by shielding them from the hazards. If this is unable to be accomplished then personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used as a last result. OSHA has stet standards to protect the worker from these hazards: 29 CFR 1926. 102(b)(1) for construction, 29 CFR 1910. 133(a)(5) for general industry, and 29 CFR1910. 153(a)(4( for maritime industry. There is a variety of protective eyewear that is coated with a IR-absorbing lenses that are shade at different level depending on the job being conducted. You can buy them in either: goggles, glasses, or face shields. Be sure not confuse tinted lenses with the protected shaded lenses. Also due to the new technologies plastic and polycarbonate lenses have been developed to absorb infrared across the entire lens at a consistent level. â€Å"Concerns have been raised about a possible link between some types of non-ionizing radiation and cancer. The way in which it might do this isn’t clear. Non-ionizing radiation doesn’t damage DNA directly, but it may be able to affect cells in other ways. The possible links between some of types of non-ionizing radiation and cancer are discussed below. But at this time, non-ionizing radiation has not been established as being able to cause cancer† (Society, 2010). In conclusion, infrared there are still a mixed opinions about the effect it has on the body. So it is best as always to take the proper steps to keep you safe. That means wearing the proper personal protective equipment when it is required. Also if you have to work with or around infrared you should always take it a pond yourself to learn the limitations of any type of radiations so that you will know how to protect yourself. Reference Page Matthes, R., Stellman, J. M. (2011). Infrared Radiation. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health Safety: http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vi/radiation-non-ionizing/item/654-infrared-radiation Sankpill, J. P. (2009, October). U.S. Safety. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from U.S. Safety Web site: http://www.ussafety.com/media_vault/documents/1258397660.pdf Society, A. C. (2010, March 29). Radiation Exposure and Cancer. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from American Cancer Society web site: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/medicaltreatments/radiation-exposure-and-cancer How to cite Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Papers